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DELIVERED BEFORE THE 

New- York Historical Society, 

AT THE CELEBRATION OF ITS 

S£ VENTY-SECOND ANNIVERSAR V, 
Tuesday, December 19, 1876. 



BY 

/ 

FREDERIC DE PEYSTER, LL.D. 

PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY. 




NEW YORK: 
PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY. 

.MDCCCLXXVI, 



SEVENTY-SECOND ANNIVERSARY. 

At a special meeting of the New York Historical Society, 
held ill its Hall, on Tuesday evening, December 19, 1876, to cele- 
brate the Seventy-second Anniversary of the founding of the Soci- 
ety, the First Vice-president, William Cullen Bryant, EE.D., 
presided. 

In accordance with the course observed on similar commemora- 
tive occasions the Rev. William Adams, D.D,, LE.D., and Presi- 
dent of the Union Theological Seminary, New York, at the request 
of the presiding officer offered up a very impressive and appropri- 
ate prayer. 

Mr. Bryant then introduced the President of the Society as the 
orator of the evening, and said : 

Gentlemen of the New York Historical Society — The gentleman whom your 
suffrages have constituted the President of this Society needs no formal intro- 
duction from me when about to appear before you. Lately we listened with 
interest to a discourse of his, which may be designated as a monograph of Wil- 
liam the Third. This evening he will conduct us through what I may call a 
gallery of the intellectual portraits of the representative men by whom the reign 
of that monarch was illustrated. I present to you Mr. de Peyster, who wil 
address you. 

The President, Frederic de Peyster, LL.D., then dehvered 
the Anniversary Address, the subject being : " Representative 
Men of the English Revolution." 

On the conclusion of the address, Hon. James W. Beekman, 
Second Vice-president, submitted a resolution, and spoke as 
follows : 

I submit to the Society a proposition which I am sure will meet with an 
unanimous response : 

To the wise care of the Dutch Stadtholder, who was afterwards William the 
Third of England, the Colonies that became these United States of America 
owed much. 

Education and liberty of conscience, brought over by him from Holland 
into England, wei-e in turn transmitted under his government to the Western 
Continent. 



The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel into Foreign Parts was 
chartered by William III., and was the crowning glory of a ruler who had 
vetoed the Massachusetts law that punished witchcraft with death, had estab- 
lished William and Mary College in Virginia, originated the Society Library 
in New York, sent Halley the astronomer to America, and instructed the Earl 
of Bellomont to educate the people at large, including the Negroes and the 
Indians. 

Such a sovereign drew around him men of like ability, and for the admirable 
commemoration just given us of John Locke, Sir Isaac Newton, Dryden, Dean 
Swift, Bishop Stillingfleet, Sir William Temple, and Marlborough, our hearty 
thanks are due. 

It is fitting that a descendant of Col. Abraham de Peyster — who, as Senior 
and Presiding Member of the King's Council, administered /ro. tern, the affairs 
of this Province, in 1700 — should remind us of these illustrious contemporaries 
and subjects of the Great Hollander who secured in England the liberty of the 
press and of religion, and who established there honest finance and ministerial 
responsibility. 

Abraham de Peyster, as Alderman, Mayor of New York City, Colonel com- 
manding the Militia, Horse and Foot, of the City and County of New York, 
Judge of the Supreme Court, and Treasurer of the Provinces of New York 
and New Jersey, was eminent as a defender of popular freedom in the Colonies. 
He was virtually the Finance Minister on whom a succession of the Royal 
Governors relied, and he deserves to be ranked among the ablest public men 
of the reign of the Third William of England. 

I move, therefore, the adoption of the following resolution : 

Resolved, That the thanks of the Society be presented to the President of the 
Society, Frederic de Peyster, Esq., LL.D., for his learned and able ad- 
dress delivered before the Society this evening, and that a copy be requested for 
publication. 

Mr. Bryant, on putting the question, said : 

You have heard the resolution, gentlemen ; it is seconded, and I am sure will 
meet with your hearty approval. The profound attention which you have given 
to the discourse of our President testifies to your sense of its merits, and you will 
readily adopt a resolution which so well expresses the pleasure it has given us. 

The resoUition was adopted unanimously. 

[Extract from the Minutes.] 



Andrew Warner, 

Recordins: Sec r eta r v. 



OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY, 1876. 



PRESIDENT, 

FREDERIC DE PEYSTER, LL.D. 



FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT, 

WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT, LL.D. 



SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT, 

JAMES W. BEEKMAN. 



FOREIGN CORRESPONDING SECRETARY, 

GEORGE H. MOORE, LL.D. 



DOMESTIC CORRESPONDING SECRETARY, 

EVERT A. DUYCKINCK. 



RECORDING SECRETARY, 

ANDREW WARNER. 



TREASURER, 

BENJAMIN H. FIELD. 



LIBRARIAN, 

JOHN AUSTIN STEVENS. 



EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 



FIRST CLASS -FOR ONE YEAR, ENDING 1877. 

SAMUEL OSGOOD, D.D., WILLIAM R. MARTIN, 

CHARLES P. KIRKLAND, LL.D. 

SECOND CLASS— FOR TWO YEARS, ENDING 1878. 

EDWARD F. DE LANCEY, HENRY DRISLER, LL.D., 

JAMES H. TITUS. 

THIRD CLASS— FOR THREE YEARS, ENDING 1879. 

JOHN TAYLOR JOHNSTON, ERASTUS C. BENEDICT, LL.D. 
ROBERT LENOX KENNEDY. 

FOURTH CLASS— FOR FOUR YEARS, ENDING 1880. 

EVERT A. DUYCKINCK, JAMES WILLIAM BEEKMAN, 

GEORGE H. MOORE, LL.D. 

CHARLES P. KIRKLAND, LL.D., Chairman. 
JOHN AUSTIN STEVENS, Secretary. 

[The President, Recording Secretary, Treasurer, and Librarian are meni' 
bers, ex-officio, of the Executive Committee.] 



COMMITTEE ON THE FINE ARTS. 

A. E. DURAND, JOHN A. WEEKS, 

ANDREW WARNER, EDWARD SATTERLEE, 

WILLIAM J. HOPPIN, CEPHAS G. THOMPSON. 

WILLIAM J. HOPPIN, Chairman. 
ANDREW WARNER, Secretary. 

[The President, Librarian, and Chairman of the Executive Committee are 
members, ex-officio^ of the Committee on the Fine Arts.] 




REPRESENTATIVE MEN 



ENGLISH REVOLUTION. 






IHERE is no period more memorable in 
English History than that which is known 
as the English Revolution. This period 
marks a transition in the opinions and institutions 
of England, which have placed that country in the 
front rank, among the nations, in modern progress 
and reform. Everything, therefore, which helps to 
illustrate the true character of this period is of uni- 
versal interest, especially to the English speaking 
populations of the world. 

I would claim, moreover, that the whole subject of 
the influence which produced, and the effects which 
have followed from the English Revolution, in 1688, 
is of the deepest possible interest to us, in this coun- 



lo Representative Men of the 

try, who are members of the great English family, 
and have inherited so much that is precious and glo- 
rious in English institutions and life. In this centen- 
nial year, in which we celebrate, under such auspicious 
circumstances, the close of the first century of our 
country's history, it may be well for us to remember 
that, in addition to all the various political, intellectual, 
and social influences which come to us from the period 
of the English Revolution, our forefathers of a hun- 
dred years ago found in that memorable event, in 
their mother country, the principles which impera- 
tively demanded, and the precedent which abundantly 
justified the American Revolution. 

In directing your thoughts to a subject so vast in 
its relations as the English Revolution, it seems 
best that we should confine our attention to some 
prominent and significant phase of that period. In 
pursuing this method, we shall but follow the advice 
of Plato, who says : " Let us pursue the inquiry, not 
in relation to all ideas, lest the multitude of them 
should confuse us, but let us select a few of those 
which are reckoned to be the principal ones." With 
the purpose of bringing out as fully as possible, within 
the brief limits permitted me, the true character of 
this period, and its influence in establishing those 
principles of which we claim, in this country, to be, 
in a very important sense, the true exponents, I 
would ask your attention to a consideration of the 



English Revolution. ii 

character and influence of some of the prominent men 
of that period. In carrying out this purpose, I would 
select those men who may be regarded as typical of 
the class to which they belong — the loftiest peaks 
in the mountain ranges by which they are sur- 
rounded. 

There is a very common tendency to exaggerate 
the power of individual influence in critical periods 
in history. A philosophical ^iew of history will rec- 
ognize in it a divine purpose and plan, which works 
out its ends independently, to a great extent, of indi- 
vidual influence. There is a predetermined devel- 
opment in which individuals work blindly, without a 
full understanding of the results to which their efforts 
contribute. But, on the other hand, it would be un- 
philosophical and vain to deny the powerful influence 
which individuals may consciously and purposely 
exercise upon the great developments of history. 
They are divine instruments, and stifl self-conscious 
and free, in the evolution of the grandest processes 
and results in the progress of the world. 

In the unfolding of this subject we need some law 
by which the grouping of these representative men 
may be determined. There must be some principle 
which will give unity to the presentation, and show 
how each life, in its own sphere, contributes to the 
result contemplated by a higher power. This law it 
is not difficult to discover, and this unity discloses 



12 Representative Men of the 

itself readily to the thoughtful mind. The spheres 
of human energy and power which sway the destinies 
of mankind are found in metaphysics, in natural 
philosophy, in Hterature and poetry, in theology, 
and ecclesiology, in statesmanship, and in arms. It 
is my purpose to select, in these spheres of influence, 
those who may be justly regarded as representative 
men in the period of the English Revolution. 

The grand figure among them all, which first rises 
before our view, is that of William, the Prince of 
Orange, the third of that name upon the throne of 
England. The splendor of his lineage ; the vast re- 
sponsibility and power to which by his birth he found 
himself called ; the wonderful successes which he 
achieved in the stupendous objects, both in his own 
native land and in England, which he purposed to 
accomplish ; the magnificent position assigned him, by 
Providence, as the principal instrument in this great 
crisis in England's history, — all these invest his 
career with unparalleled interest and importance. 

This central and most prominent figure in this great 
drama I wish to approach by first carefully consid- 
ering the position and influence of some of the cele- 
brated men by whom he wavS surrounded. 

In turning our thoughts to the realm of metaphys- 
ics or speculative philosophy, we find, as the repre- 
sentative man of his period, no less distinguished a 
philosopher than John Locke. Whatever may be 




WILLIAM KONING VAN ENGELAND 

Schotland Vrankryk en Yrland. 



English Revolution. 13 

thought of the character and effects of his philosophy, 
there have been few men in the history of the world 
who have exercised so powerful an influence upon 
the opinions and practical affairs of mankind. John 
Locke was a legitimate outgrowth of those tendencies 
in human thought which had culminated in the. phi- 
losophy of Lord Bacon. He belonged necessarily 
to the school, although he would have dissented from 
many of the opinions, of the French Encyclopaedists, 
and of the English Uiilitarians. He himself imparted 
a powerful impulse to that tendency, which finally 
took form in the utilitarian ethics of Paley, in the 
theories of Jeremy Bentham and James and John 
Stuart Mill, and in the German and English scientific 
materialism of the present day. In regard to very 
much of this philosophical development we cannot 
but regard the influence of Locke as exceedingly un- 
desirable ; but there are other respects in which he 
met a great want of his age, and contributed pre-emi- 
nently to the solving of problems of the greatest im- 
portance to the world, I should say that his great 
merit lay in restricting, for the time being, the limits 
of human inquiry, and thus directing all the energies 
of the mind to the investigation of those phenomena 
which are connected with the material interests ot 
society. In the time of the English Revolution, when 
institutions were taking to themselves new shapes, 
this careful study of the material phenomena of life. 



14 Representative Men of the 

upon the basis of observation and experience, was of 
pre-eminent importance. 

The life of John Locke touches at several points 
some of the most prominent events connected with 
the English Revolution. He was born in 1632, and 
died -in 1 704. His principal work — the Essay on the 
Human Understanding — was written in 1670. He 
held various offices under Government, through the 
favor of his patron, the Earl of Shaftesbury. When, 
in 1682, Shaftesbury fell under the displeasure of 
the Government, being charged with high treason, 
and was compelled to flee to Holland, he was accom- 
panied by Locke. In 1688 his celebrated letter to 
Limbarch on Toleration was published, and in the 
same year, he returned to England in the fleet which 
bore the Prince of Orange. He immediately received 
the appointment of Commissioner of Appeals, which 
he held until the failure of his health. He refused to 
hold it longer, and declined a higher office tendered 
him by the king, and a pension from the Government, 
declaring himself unwilling to receive any emolument 
for which he rendered no equivalent. The closing 
years of his life were spent in the study of the Scrip- 
tures and in the writing of works illustrating the 
truths of Christianity. 

The sources of the powerful influence which Locke 
has exercised upon the thought of the world are to 
be found mainly in his two works, the one on the 




MARIA KONIISTGIN VAIf E:N^GEI.A]^D 

Schotland "V^ankryk en 'Srland . 



English Revolution. 15 

Human Understanding, the other on Toleration. In 
the first he attempts to explode the theory of innate 
ideas, and to base all knowledge upon observation 
and experience. Locke's view of this great question 
is undoubtedly very defective ; but it acquired such 
ascendency that it became one of the most fruitful 
causes of that careful consulting of observation and 
experience, and that eminently practical character, 
which has marked the political administration and 
reform policy of England, from the accession of Wil- 
liam and Mary to the present day. The work on 
Toleration is so masterly a vindication of the princi- 
ples upon which the duty and expediency of Tolera- 
tion rest, that it had at once its influence in determin- 
ing the tolerant policy of the Government, and has 
ever since stood unrivalled and undisputed as the 
one great authority upon this subject. 

In the first Preliminary Dissertation to the Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica, Mr. Dugald Stewart has preserved 
for us a very remarkable correspondence between Sir 
Isaac Newton and John Locke. Sir Isaac had, as 
he was afterwards convinced, seriously misunderstood 
some of Locke's positions, and had condemned them 
with great severity. In a letter to Locke he ex- 
presses the deepest regret, on this account, and 
humbly implores his forgiveness. Locke's reply is a 
model of manly Christian feeling. 

We pass thus naturally, in the consideration of the 



1 6 Representative Men of the 

great men of the English Revolution, from John 
Locke to Sir Isaac Newton, and from the realm of 
metaphysics to that of natural philosophy. That 
the enormous development of industrial interests and 
of scientific discovery, in modern times, has been de- 
pendent upon a knowledge of the laws of nature, no 
one will doubt. The fact, then, that Sir Isaac Newton 
lived in the period of the English Revolution marks 
that period as the most memorable, in all history, for 
the discovery of the fundamental laws of nature. 
The discovery of these laws by Sir Isaac Newton, 
and the wonderful instrumentalities for investigation 
and calculation which he devised, have made him, 
more than any other man, a great impelling power in 
the stupendous industrial and scientific development 
of the last two hundred years. 

Sir Isaac Newton was born in 1642, and, though 
apparently of feeble constitution, lived to more than 
eighty-four years of age, and, during almost the whole 
of this period, with rare intervals of prostration, was 
able to perform a prodigious amount of mental labor. 
Under William III. his great services to science were 
recognized; and the king, in 1694, made him Warden 
of the Mint, in which office his chemical and mathe- 
matical abilities enabled him to superintend success- 
fully the difficult work of the recoinage of the money 
of the realm. 

The principal discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton were 




JOHN LOCKE. 



English Revolution. ly 

those of the composition of Hght, of the attraction of 
gravitation, and of fluxions, or of the integral and 
differential calculus. All these are of the utmost im- 
portance in scientific inquiry and mechanical inven- 
tions. 

The extraordinary penetration of Newton's mind 
and the accuracy of his method are wonderfully in- 
dicated in the fact that some of his discoveries have 
been assailed, and unsuccessfully, by men of the 
highest intellectual ability. Bishop Berkeley, with- 
all the power of his keen and subtle intellect, con- 
tested the principles involved in fluxions ; and Goethe, 
in his Farbenlehre, has passionately attempted to 
controvert the doctrine of the composition of light ; 
but the Newtonian theories hold their place as estab- 
lished facts. It is true that previous investigations 
had largely prepared the way for the discoveries of 
Sir Isaac Newton, and that he must share with Leib- 
nitz the glory of having devised the integral and 
differential calculus. But no man who ever lived, if we 
except Kepler, has had the genius of discovery which 
Newton possessed. His power of sustained inves- 
tigation and profound thought, his entire emancipa- 
tion from the influence of preconceived ideas, and his 
marvellous insight into nature, make him pre-emi- 
nently the great discoverer in the realm of natural 
philosophy. 

In considering the services which Sir Isaac New- 
3 



i8 Representative Men of the 

ton rendered to science, it is fitting that some allu- 
sion should be made to the astronomer Halley. 
The latter had for some time been carefully studying 
Kepler's laws, and had come to the conclusion that 
"the centripetal force must decrease in proportion to 
the squares of the distances reciprocally." Kepler 
was unable, however, to give mathematical or geo- 
metrical expression to this conclusion. He con- 
sulted, in the first place, Mr. Hooke and Sir 
Christopher Wren; but they were unable to give 
him the information he desired. He then went 
to Cambridge to consult with Sir Isaac, who imme- 
diately furnished him with the process by which 
the conclusion was reached. 

Halley urged that it should be given to the world, 
and the result was the " Principia Mathematica 
Philosophise Naturalis," which was thereupon pub- 
lished under Halley's care and at his expense ; and, 
furthermore, with an appropriate introduction, was 
by him presented to James H. in 1686. 

It would be impossible to measure the vast extent 
of Newton's influence upon scientific progress in Eng- 
land and throughout the world ; but it is safe to say 
that there has been no great scientific discovery, and 
no triumph of engineering skill for nearly two cen- 
turies, which has not been immensely indebted to 
the methods and instrumentalities devised by him. 

As we stand, in this centennial year in our coun- 



English Revolution. 19 

try's history, in the presence of the vast exhibition 
of the industry of all nations, we can approach nearer 
perhaps than in any other way to an estimate of 
what Sir Isaac Newton has accomplished for man- 
kind. 

The discovery of the attraction of gravitation has 
given accuracy and precision to those calculations 
upon which safety in commerce so largely depends ; 
and these products of the natural resources and in- 
dustry and art of the most distant portions of the 
world testify, therefore, to the indebtedness of man- 
kind to the great discoverer. 

The artist owes to the discovery of the composite 
character of light much of the facility with which 
brilliant effects in color are produced. And all this 
stupendous sweep of machinery, so instinct with 
skill and power, is the expression of mathematical 
processes which the calculus of Sir Isaac Newton has 
alone rendered possible. 

In passing to the literary character and influence 
of this period, no one can be compared, for a mo- 
ment, as the representative man, with Jonathan 
Swift. Of obscure birth, a great part of his life 
spent in little better than menial positions and in bit- 
ter penury, he raised himself, at last, by sheer intel- 
lectual power to an equality with the most distin- 
guished men of the realm. He was born in 1667, 
and died in 1741, and thus his life was contemporary 



20 Representative Men of the \ 

with the great events of the English Revolution. 
xA.lthough an ecclesiastic and the Dean of St. Pat- 
rick's Cathedral, Dublin, it is as a political satirist 
that he is best known to the world. In this sphere 
of literature he has probably never been equalled by 
any writer in the English language ; and although 
the controversies which called forth his principal pro- 
ductions have long since passed away, his mastery 
of his mother tongue, and the intense keenness of 
his satire, have secured for him an easy pre-eminence 
down to the present day. 

After leaving the University, Swift was employed 
as an amanuensis by Sir William Temple, at a salary 
of ;,^20 a year. This relation was bitterly humiliat- 
ing to Swift, who was conscious of possessing abili- 
ties incomparably superior to those of his patron. 
These abilities seem to have been to some degree 
recognized, however inadequately they may have 
been rewarded, by Sir \\'illiam Temple. He em- 
ployed Swift, on a certain occasion, to present his 
views, on the question of triennial parliaments, to 
William III., who had requested his opinion on that 
subject. The king seems to have been more im- 
pressed with his physical than his intellectual supe- 
riority, and offered him a troop of horse. This pro- 
position was subsequently commuted, it would appear, 
for a promise of some Church preferment. Swift 
accordingly gave up his position, and took orders in 




JoruSb: JmJ^, 



English Revolution. 21 

Ireland. Shortly afterwards, however, he returned 
to England, and entered again into the service of 
Sir William Temple, with whom he remained until 
the death of the latter, in 1698. 

Swift,, having made the best use of the opportuni- 
ties for acquiring political knowledge afforded him 
during his residence with Sir William Temple, now 
entered upon his career as a political writer. He 
first devoted his extraordinary powers of sarcasm 
to the service of the Whigs ; but subsequently joined 
the Tories, in behalf of whose cause most of his lit- 
erary labors were undertaken. Swift's first prose 
publication, "The Battle of the Books," bears marks 
of his resentment against his kinsman, Dryden, who 
had once said to him, " Cousin Swift, you will never 
be a poet." This work was followed by the " Dis- 
course on the Dissensions in Athens and Rome," 
written in the Whig interest, and shortly after by 
that extraordinary publication, the "Tale of a Tub." 
About this time occurred the conversion of Swift to 
the doctrines of the Tory party, and ultimately to the 
extreme and exclusive position of Bolingbroke. He 
was rewarded, by a Tory Ministry, with the Deanery 
of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. 

There is no occasion to deal here with questions 
involving the personal character of Dean Swift. 
Suffice it to say, that in regard to certain most ex- 
traordinary and romantic incidents in his life, what- 



22 Representative Men of the 

ever suspicious circumstances there may have been, 
they are readily exphcable, without reflecting upon 
the purity of his character, but not without leaving a 
most painful impression of his selfishness and heart- 
lessness. 

Dean Swift was a man of intensely bitter preju- 
dices and hatred, and this quality imparts sometimes 
a venom to his satire. He hated not only his ene- 
mies, but apparently the whole race ; no class, how- 
ever exalted, escaping his ridicule. An example of 
the ferocity of his wit is to be found in a celebrated 
passage of his in regard to the Irish bishops. He 
says: "It is quite a mistake to blame the English 
Government for sending us bad bishops; it is invari- 
ably careful to select men of the purest morals and 
most fervent pietj". The niisfortune is, that as these 
estimable prelates cross Hounslow Heath, on their 
way to their dioceses, they are invariably stopped 
and murdered by the highwaymen, which unprin- 
cipled persons assume their robes and their patents 
and come over here in their place, to the injury and 
scandal of true religion among us." Another in- 
stance of the terrible irony of his satire is to be found 
when he is commenting upon legislation in regard to 
the poor, and proposes the fattening of the babies of 
the lower classes in order to furnish an additional 
source of food. 

The relation of Dean Swift's influence to the prog- 



English Revolution. 23 

ress of the nation, upon the basis of the Revokition, 
is a very interesting subject for consideration. He 
became, by the force of circumstances, and probably, 
also, from the necessities of his own temperament, 
intensely conservative. Having rendered, early in 
life, distinguished services to the Whig party, and 
thus given his powerful influence to the principles 
of the Revolution, he, later in life, gave the vast 
power of his intellect to the most extreme form of 
Toryism. This fact in the career of Swift is a sug- 
gestive one. Its significance would seem to be that 
satire, like that of Dean Swift, is very apt to ally 
itself finally with that cause which is narrow and ex- 
clusive, whether in Church or State. Genial satire, 
like that of Rabelais or Cervantes, allies itself natu- 
rally with the cause of progress and reform ; but the 
sardonic wit of a satirist like Dean Swift, indicates a 
want of faith in man and of hope in his future, which 
is inconsistent with anything large and generous in 
political ideas. It moves in the sphere from which 
solid argument and enlightened reason are neces- 
sarily excluded. Notwithstanding, therefore, the 
splendid abilities of Dean Swift, and the powerful 
influence which in his lifetime he exercised, he has 
left no political lesson for posterity. He has aided 
in the solution of no great social problem, has con- 
tributed nothing to the alleviation of the condition of 
the laboring and the poor. He is remembered chiefly 



24 Representative Men of the 

for his literary pre-eminence and the brilHant halo 
which he cast over the reigns of William and Mary 
and of Anne. 

In our consideration of the intellectual influences 
of this period, we pass naturally to the career of John 
Dryden. Many English poets have largely influ- 
enced the political and literary tendencies of the 
period to which they belonged, but Dryden was pre- 
eminently a political poet, and actually founded a 
new school of English literature. He is, therefore, 
not only one of the representative men of the period 
we are considering, but is one of the great names in 
English history. 

Dryden's early literary career was not very full of 
promise. He wrote with great rapidity, and with 
consequent carelessness. His success, however, was 
sufficient to excite the envy and hatred of the Earl of 
Rochester and the Duke of Buckingham. The Earl 
of Rochester subjected him to a most unfair mortifi- 
cation at court, and the Duke of Buckingham made 
his productions the subject of ridicule in the " Re- 
hearsal." In revenge for these attacks, Dryden pub- 
lished an " Essay on Satire," which administered a 
severe castigation to the Earl of Rochester, and "Ab- 
salom and Achitophel," in which the character of 
Zimri is drawn as representative of that of the Duke 
of Buckingham. Dryden wrote in i6So a transla- 
tion of two of Ovid's Epistles, and in 16S2 his " Reli- 




DRYDEN. 



English Rcvohttion. 25 

gio Laici," which he intended to be a defence of Chris- 
tianity. In the reign of James 11. , Dryden wrote, in 
justification of his change in rehgious sentiments, "A 
Defence of the Papers left by the late King," and his 
celebrated poem, "The Hind and the Panther." 
These were followed by the satirical poem, " Mac- 
Flecknoe," by several translations from French and 
Latin, by the grand version of the works of Virgil, 
and, in extreme old age, by the famous " Ode to 
St. Cecilia's Day." 

The influence of Dryden upon English literature, 
and especially upon English poetry, has been marked 
and powerful. As Lord Macaulay well says of him, 
he did not belong to the highest class of poets, but 
in- the second class he stood first. It must ,be re- 
membered, however, that a great change took place 
in Dryden during his literary career, and that it is to 
the works written in the latter part of his life that his 
fame and influence are due. The great service 
which he rendered to literature is to be found in the 
capabilities of the English language which he devel- 
oped. Before his time it had not yielded readily to 
varied and complex versification, and had successfully 
resisted the efforts which had been made to make it 
the vehicle of scientific expression or of logical pro- 
cesses in a poetical form. In Dryden, however, it 
found a master. There is a marvellous felicity, dig- 
nity, and clearness in Dryden's later productions ; and 
4 



26 Representative Men of the 

after a long interval, in which succeeding poets seem 
to have profited little by his success, his influence is 
apparent in some of the best poetry of this and pre- 
ceding generations. Wordsworth's lucidity of expres- 
sion, and the wonderful command of language and 
varied forms of versification which so remarkably 
characterize the poems of Shelley and Tennyson, 
may be traced largely to the influence of Dryden. 
Dryden was born in 1631, and died in 1701. He 
was contemporary, therefore, for many years, with 
the influences which were leading to the English 
Revolution. His political opinions seem at first to 
have been liberal. On the death of Oliver Crom- 
well we find him writing a poem in honor of the 
Lord Protector; but he wrote poems with equal zeal 
in eulogy of Charles II., and followed the Stuart dy- 
nasty, with ready service, in all its subsequent retro- 
grade and despotic career. Under Charles II. he 
was made poet-laureate and historiographer to the 
crown. In the reign of James II. he so far consulted 
the prevalent sentiment at court as to become him- 
self a Roman Catholic. After the accession of \<\\- 
liam and Mary, this fact disqualifying him for office, 
he lost these positions, with the emoluments attached 
to them, and for the last twelve or thirteen years of 
his life was dependent entirely upon literary labor 
for his support. These political changes need not 
be regarded necessarily as the results of interested 



English Revohttion. 27 

motive. They proceeded rather from the easy yield- 
ing of the poet to the prevalent influences around 
him. It is remarkable, however, that the two men 
most distinguished in literature, in that period — 
Jonathan Swift and John Dryden — should have re- 
sisted the tendencies which vvere leading to a new 
era in the history of England. The result is a sig- 
nificant indication that no amount of intellect, or bril- 
liancy of wit, or keenness of satire, can long arrest 
the progress of a nation in the development which, 
through the influences of race, of culture, and of 
physical conditions, has been predetermined for it 
by the Almighty Ruler of the world. 

Ecclesiastical reform was a subject of very great 
interest to William III.; and few men have ever been 
more fitted to counsel and to guide, in such a work, 
than Edward Stillingfleet. He acquired an extra- 
ordinary reputation, when only about twenty-four 
years of age, by the publication of his great work : 
" Irenicum, or the Divine Right of Particular Forms 
of Church Government Examined." There were 
views expressed in this work which Stillingfleet sub- 
sequently modified, but it was the first utterance of a 
purpose which was the guiding principle of his life. 
This purpose was the promotion of ecclesiastical 
unity by large toleration and comprehensiveness. 
In advocacy of these views, and of Christianity gen- 
erally, he wrote not only the work just referred to, 



28 Representative Men of the 

but the " Origines Sacrae ; " two smaller works, one on 
the Mischief, and the other on the Unreasonableness 
of Separation ; the " Origines Britannicae ; " several 
treatises against Popery, and controversial works 
against Socinianism, and some of the principles and 
arguments of Mr. Locke. Of course Stillingfleet's 
views as to comprehension and toleration found no 
favor in the reigns of the second Charles and the se- 
cond James, but in William III. he found a monarch 
who held the most statesmanlike and Christian views 
upon this subject. William almost immediately, upon 
h's accession, addressed himself to the solution of this 
great problem. The difficulty was an inheritance from 
the Reformation. The divergencies of theological 
and ecclesiastical opinion were, on the whole, wisely 
managed during the first century of this period, but 
the ecclesiastical measures adopted at the Restora- 
tion rendered separation a permanent element in 
English history. 

William hoped that it was not too late to heal the 
difficulties which had arisen. He therefore appointed 
an ecclesiastical commission, of which Stillingfleet 
was one of the principal members, with directions 
that they should revise the Liturgy, so as to do 
away, if possible, with the objections of the non-con- 
formists. Parliament also took in hand the subject 
of toleration and comprehension. The legislation, 
however, which was finally secured, was very im- 




SIR W. TEMPLE. 



English Revolution. 29 

perfect in its kind and degree, and the ecclesiastical 
commission at last closed its sessions without report- 
ing the result of their labor. This failure in church 
reform may have been owing largely to apprehen- 
sions in regard to the non-juring schism, and to the 
feeling, on the part of the Government, that measures 
designed to conciliate the non-conformists might pro- 
voke new secessions to the non-jurors. 

The principles which guided Stillingfleet in these 
great questions were right and true ; but it is better, 
probably, that they did not take form at that time in 
the measures proposed. There are certain processes 
in society which are of slow development. They 
depend upon the growth and diffusion of reason and 
right feeling, and any attempt to hasten their de- 
velopment, without the presence of the concurrent 
conditions, will impair their efficiency, and prevent 
the final attainment of the natural and healthful 
result. 

The consideration thus far of the representative 
men of the period of the English Revolution has led 
us from the realm of metaphysics, through the paths 
of natural philosophy, literature and poetry, theology 
and Church polity, to the sphere of public affairs and 
statesmanship. It does not seem difficult to select 
the representative man of the period in this sphere. 
Sir William Temple has claims to that position which 
it would be idle to deny. This will appear from a 



30 Representative Men of the 

brief consideration of the place which he filled in 
public affairs, from the Restoration to the Revolution. 
Soon after the accession of Charles II., the relations 
between England and Holland, which had been cor- 
dial and intimate in the time of Cromwell, were seri- 
ously disturbed. The sympathies of the court were 
with France, and, under cover of that sympathy, Louis 
XIV. began to carry out the favorite project of his 
life, the annexation of the Spanish provinces upon 
the eastern frontier of France. This project was of 
course full of peril both to England and Holland. 
The dissatisfaction in England with the position of 
the Government was very great. At this juncture 
Sir William Temple requested permission of the 
Government to visit Holland and confer with the 
Government of that country upon the condition of 
affairs. At that time John De Witt ruled Holland. 
The result of negotiations, which were carried on 
with great ability on both sides, was that, on January 
I, 1668, Charles, in council, declared his approval 
and acceptance of the league proposed by De Witt 
and Temple. This league, in which Sweden joined, 
and which is known as the Triple Alliance, was the 
first real check to the schemes of Louis of France, 
and foreshadowed the great coalition of which Wil- 
liam III. was the head. 

It soon became evident, however, that the Govern- 
ment of Eneland must learn a terrible lesson before 



English Revohition. 31 

the obligations of the Triple Alliance could be ful- 
filled. Sir William Temple, as ambassador to the 
Hague, found himself constantly embarrassed and 
frustrated by the secret sympathy of the court with 
France. He withdrew from Holland, retired to his 
country-seat in England, and devoted himself to 
authorship. Then was the whole aspect of affairs 
changed. England and France declared war against 
Holland. The wildest consternation prevailed 
throughout the United Provinces. De Witt was 
torn in pieces by a mob, and Protestantism through- 
out Europe seemed in danger of being over- 
thrown. 

It was impossible that such an unnatural alliance 
as that of England and France, against Holland, 
should long continue. Public sentiment in England 
asserted itself so fiercely that the king was powerless 
to continue the war. There was but one course to 
pursue, and the author of the Triple Alliance was 
recalled from his retirement, and charged with the 
responsibility of negotiating a separate peace with 
Holland. 

Upon the conclusion of peace, which, by Temple's 
influence, was speedily secured, it became evident 
that a war with France could not be long averted. 
It was at this juncture that an event occurred, very 
largely through Temple's agency, full of the greatest 
importance, in the great struggle which soon folloAved, 



32 Representative Men of the 

the marriage of the Prince of Orange and the Princess 
Mary. 

While the influence of Sir WiUiam Temple was 
deeply felt after the accession of William and Mary, 
he did not engage actively in public affairs. He 
refused, as he had repeatedly done, the office of Secre- 
tary of State, and devoted his time mainly to literary 
pursuits. His connection with the Revolution and 
with the reign of William HI. is principally impor- 
tant on account of the share which he had in shaping 
affairs which contributed so remarkably to the suc- 
cess of William in the great coalition against France. 
There have been few men who have rendered better 
service to their country, in a great emergency, than 
Sir William Temple. There was no one in his age 
who understood more clearly the nature of the crisis 
through which England was passing. He lived to 
see the transition safely accomplished, and died in 
1699, at the close of this most eventful century in 
England's history. His body rests in Westminster 
Abbey, the mausoleum of so many of the mighty 
dead. His heart was buried at Moor Park, which he 
loved so well, and beneath the sun-dial which had 
measured the days and years of the extraordinary 
period in which the great statesman had lived. 

This consideration of the representative men of 
the period of the English Revolution needs, for its 
completeness, some notice of the career of the Duke 




JOHN, DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 



English Revolution. 2>2> 

of Marlborough, by whose power and genius in the 
field the results of that great Revolution were per- 
manently secured. 

It is not necessary, in this notice, to consider the 
career of Marlborough except as it has a direct bear- 
ing upon the facts and principles involved in the 
Revolution and as it tends to illustrate the wonderful 
position which William III. holds in English history. 
In this respect the achievements of the Duke of Marl- 
borough, as a soldier, are remarkably associated with 
those of Sir William Temple as a statesman. Both 
of them were the chief instruments in carrying out 
the great ideas and purposes of the Prince of Orange, 
in regard to European policy. From his earliest en- 
trance upon public life, William was haunted with the 
scheme of a great coalition against the vast and in- 
creasing power of France, and for the protection of 
liberty and Protestantism in Europe. He valued 
men chiefly as they could afford him aid in this cher- 
ished project. 

Sir William Temple's residence in Holland ren- 
dered him thoroughly familiar with' the views of the 
Prince of Orange. These views had his unqualified 
approval, and his diplomatic efforts were directed to 
their accomplishment and to the elevation of William 
to the English throne. As Temple's political career 
was almost completed before the accession of William, 
so Marlborough's achievements, in maintaining the 
5 



34 Representative Men of the 

coalition which WilHam created, had scarcely begun, 
when William was removed by death. Born in 1650, 
the Duke of Marlborough was more than fifty years 
of age when he entered upon those wonderful cam- 
paigns which have reflected imperishable glory upon 
English arms. His military career, for the most part, 
followed the reign of William and Mar)', but it was 
simply the establishing, by arms, of the great 
principles by which the life of William had been 
governed. 

We must not fail to notice, in such an account as 
this, the peculiar domestic circumstances of the Duke 
of Marlborough which exercised so large an influ- 
ence upon his career. He married Sarah Jennings, 
who had been brought up in the household of the 
Duke of York, afterwards James II., and a strong 
attachment and intimacy existed between her and the 
second daughter of the Duke, afterwards Queen 
Anne. The Duchess of Marlborough had such a 
thorough knowledge of political affairs, and so much 
of natural quickness and ability, that, in connection 
with her position at court, she was able to exercise 
a powerful influence in her husband's behalf. He 
was profited or injured by the alternations of favor 
or disgrace which occurred in the Duchess's relations 
with Anne. And yet such was the great ability of 
Marlborough, that, even though he might be the vic- 
tim of neglect and ingratitude in peaceful times, the 




QUEEN ANNE. 



English RevohUion. 35 

Government was compelled to seek his services in 
every great emergency. 

I do not propose to enter upon any of those ques- 
tions in regard to the character of the Duke of Marl- 
borough which occupy so much of the history of 
the time. The question of his treasonable relations 
with James II., or of his avarice and parsimony, have 
no special bearing upon the points now to be illus- 
trated. 

Passing over the earlier life of Marlborough, we 
come to the period when William III. recognized the 
absolute necessity of securing his services, in order 
to the accomplishment of his great designs. So 
strong was this conviction in the mind of William, 
that he ignored the supposed treasonable practices 
of Marlborough, and determined to place him in a 
position which would secure his loyalty to the reign- 
ing family. 

The death of Mary led to a reconciliation between 
the King and the Princess Anne, from whom both he 
and the Queen had been long estranged. In con- 
nection with this reconciliation, the King appointed 
the Duke of Marlborough governor of the Duke of 
Gloucester, with strong expressions of confidence 
and esteem. In the year 1700 the condition of 
things in Europe appeared exceedingly unfavorable 
to the designs of William. The crisis which precipi- 
tated a general European war was the death of 



2f6 Representative Men of the 

Charles II., King of Spain. Louis XIV. claimed 
the succession for his grandson, Philip, Duke of 
Anjou. The same claim to Spain and all its immense 
dependencies was made by the Emperor Leopold. 
Louis XIV. was placed at this time in a specially 
advantageous position. He had formed alliances 
with the Elector of Bavaria, with Portugal, and with 
the two Sicilies. He had secured a free entry into 
Italy by a treaty with the Duke of Savoy, and had 
an opportunity in Lombardy for a basis of operations 
against Austria. 

Marlborough, with William III., arrived at the 
Hague on the first of July, 1701, and immediately 
commenced negotiations which were designed to 
reconstruct and extend the coalition, the foundations 
of which William had already laid. In these nego- 
tiations he displayed consummate ability, and met at 
once, under circumstances of great discouragement, 
with remarkable success. 

It was in the following year that William III. died, 
exhorting Queen Anne, his successor, to rely upon 
Marlborough for counsel in the state and for the 
command of her armies in the field. Immediately 
upon her accession, she announced her determina- 
tion to maintain the alliances made by her predeces- 
sor, and, in furtherance of this purpose, it was deter- 
mined by Marlborough and the representatives of 
the Emperor that war against France should be 



English Revolution. 2)7 

declared, on the same day, at London, Vienna, and 
the Hague. 

After the death of William, and before the first 
campaign of Marlborough, some of the smaller Ger- 
man States joined the aHiance. At the opening of 
the campaign, the allies, under the command of 
Ginckel, were in the vicinity of Cleves. Cohorne, 
with about 10,000 men, was at the mouth of the 
Scheldt. The Margrave of Baden was on the Upper 
Rhine. The Prince of Saarbruck, with about 22,000 
men, was besieging Keyserwerth. The main body 
of the French army, under the Duke of Burgundy 
and Marshal Boufflers, was on the Meuse and in 
the fortress of Liege. Marshal Tallard, with 10,000 
men, was marching to the relief of Keyserwerth, and 
the Count Delamotte and the Marquis of Bedmar 
guarded the western frontier of the Spanish Nether- 
lands. As the result of this campaign, Keyserwerth 
was compelled to surrender. The French were com- 
pelled to retreat, and Venloo, Ruremond, and Steven- 
swaert, fortresses of the Meuse, were invested and 
reduced by the allies. Liege was taken, and the 
navigation of the Meuse, and the entire Dutch 
frontier, were wrested from the power of France. 

In the campaign of the next year it would seem 
to have been the main object of Marlborough to 
get possession of Ostend and Antwerp. It was the 
plan of Louis to push his troops, under the Duke of 



38 Representative Men of the 

Vendome, through the Tyrol, to be joined by the 
French and Bavarians, in a combined movement 
upon Vienna. The plans of Marlborough and Louis 
alike failed, and the results of the campaign were 
disappointing to both. 

It was in the next year that the grandest achieve- 
ments of Marlborough were made. Wich his clear 
insight and broad comprehensiveness, he saw, Avhat 
no one else, unless it were the Prince Eugene, was 
able to see, the exact thing which it was necessary 
for the allies to do. He matured his plans and made 
his preparations in secret, or with the knowledge and 
counsel only of the Prince Eugene. When all was 
ready, he swept, with the allied armies, to the aston- 
ishment of all Europe, from the Moselle to the Dan- 
ube. It was a blow of terrible severity to the French. 
The same campaign witnessed the successful assault 
upon the Schellenberg, and the world-renowned 
victory of Blenheim. 

Then came, in successive campaigns, the battle of 
Ramillies, the conquest of Flanders, the batde of 
Oudenarde, the fall of Lille, the capture of Ghent, 
and the glorious batde of Malplaquet. Then fol- 
lowed one of those periods which had not been in- 
frequent in the career of the great Duke. After all 
these marvellous achievements by which the French 
power was restrained and Protestantism saved, polit- 
ical jealousy and personal hatred were able to de- 



English Revolutioii. 39 

prive Marlborough of his command and all his hon- 
ors. He retired from the scene of his imperishable 
glory into private life, and when the peace of Utrecht 
was consummated, the results, though immensely im- 
portant and valuable, were less than Marlborough 
could have secured for England and the other allied 
powers. 

Mr. Edward Everett, in his celebrated oration on 
the character of Washington, sees fit to draw a com- 
parison or contrast between him and the Duke of 
Marlborough. He represents himself as standing 
before the tablet on which are inscribed the names 
of the great victories which Marlborough won, 
Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde, Malplaquet. Grad- 
ually, he says, as in an ancient palimpsest, the in- 
scription disappeared, and in its place were to be 
seen the words, Avarice, Treason, Eternal Infamy. 
The peerless attitude in which Washington stands in 
history renders it unnecessary that any attempt should 
be made to raise him to a higher comparative eleva- 
tion, by hurling others down from the eminences of 
their glory. I do not care, as I have already inti- 
mated, to enter upon a consideration of the personal 
character of the Duke of Marlborough ; but I do 
not hesitate to say that, for the glory which she has 
gained in arms, England is more indebted to him 
than to any other man, except the Duke of Welling- 
ton ; and that for the preservation, in dire extremity. 



40 Representative Men of the 

of a great cause, which represented liberty, intelli- 
gence, and progress, the whole world is more in- 
debted to John, Duke of Marlborough, than to any 
man, except William, Prince of Orange. 

I have, on another occasion, before this Society, 
considered, fully and in detail, the life and career of 
William, Prince of Orange, and afterwards William 
III. of England. He is the central figure, around 
whom are grouped the extraordinary men whose 
relation to the Revolution of 1688 we have just re- 
viewed. I am confident that his true place in his- 
tory has not yet been assigned him. He was grossly 
misunderstood in his own day, and has been grossly 
misunderstood ever since. His position as a for- 
eigner in England prevented the English people 
from a full appreciation of his pre-eminent services 
and devotion. He was the object of the most bitter 
and deadly partisan hatred and persecution. The 
horse from which he fell, receiving an injury from 
which he died, was habitually toasted at Jacobite 
dinners. Dignified historians of eminent reputation 
have not failed to perpetuate slanders as to his 
personal character. The time will come when the 
world will recognize his true relation to one of the 
greatest epochs in the history of the race. 

There is one point of view in which it is eminently 
fitting that we should gratefully cherish his memory, 
especially in this centennial year, when everything 




HALLEY. 



English Revolution. 41 

in relation to the development of this country has 
acquired a new significance and interest. William 
III. was pre-eminently the friend and benefactor of 
the American colonies. Go to the South, and there, 
in old Virginia, is that imperishable monument to his 
wise forethought, the College of William and Mary. 
Here, in the City of New York, you have in Our So- 
ciety Library the evidence of his deep interest in the 
intelligence and education of the people. Go to 
New England, and they will tell you of the depu- 
tation sent by the Massachusetts Bay Colony, in the 
person of the venerable Increase Mather, to remon- 
strate with the crown against the withdrawal of the 
charter, and the tyrannies of Sir Edmund Andros, 
and of the kindly consideration which their repre- 
sentative received from William and the extent to 
which their requests were granted. It is an interest- 
ing fact also that the Government of William III. in 
1695 vetoed the Law of the Massachusetts Bay 
Colony, by which witchcraft was made punishable by 
death. 

There are other evidences also of the deep 
interest which William took in the American 
colonies. When sending the astronomer Halley, of 
whom I have previously spoken, upon a scientific 
expedition to make experiments in regard to terres- 
trial magnetism, he especially directed him to call at 
his Majesty's settlements in America, and make 



42 Representative Men of the 

such further observations as were necessary for the 
better laying down the longitude and latitude of 
those places. He also instructed the Earl of Bella- 
mont to make provision for the education of Negroes 
and Indians under his jurisdiction. 

But these are only an insignificant portion of the 
services for which we, in common with the world, owe 
him imperishable gratitude. It is with this senti- 
ment that we have brought before ourselves these 
forms of the mighty dead by whom he was sur- 
rounded, in order that we might the better, as it were, 
"watch, fold by fold, the bracing on of his Vulcanian 
panoply, and observe with pleased anxiety the lead- 
ing forth of that chariot, which, borne on irresistible 
wheels, and drawn by steeds of immortal race, is 
to crush the necks of the mighty and sweep away the 
serried strength of armies." 

The greatest benefit, however, which he conferred 
upon these and the other colonies under his domin- 
ion remains yet to be mentioned. This was the 
establishment of the "Society for the Propagation of 
the Gospel in Foreign Parts." This Society, formed 
and chartered by William III., was, during the 
colonial period, the source of incalculable blessings 
of education and religion to our original thirteen 
States ; and it continues to the present day a foun- 
tain of salutary influence to the Colonies of Great 
Britain. The formation of this Society was one of 



Revolution. 43 

the last public acts of his life. The historian of the 
Society, in concluding his work, uses the words : 
"After having rescued the Protestant religion in 
Europe and saved the Church of England here, he 
did, by this last act as it were, bequeath it to his 
American subjects as the most valuable legacy and. 
greatest blessing." 

There is something very touching in the last few 
years and in the final close of the life of William. 
This period was darkened by the bitter sorrow which 
he experienced at the loss of his beloved wife. He 
suffered greatly from physical pain and infirmity, 
and found himself more and more alone — a stranger 
among a people whom he loved, and most earnestly 
desired to rule wisely and well. He pressed forward, 
however, most heroically in the accomplishment of 
the great designs which he had conceived, until his 
sudden death, a consequence of a fall from his horse. 
In view of all that he achieved for his kingdom and 
for the world, we may well apply to him the language 
of Milton in the " Samson Agonistes." He to his 
Country 



Honor hath left and Freedom * * * 
To himself and Father's house eternal fame ; 
And, which is best and happiest yet, all this 
With God not parted from him, * * * * 
But favoring and assisting to the end." 



44 Representative Men of the English Revolution. 

And to him as well as to that noble band by which 
he was surrounded, and which has furnished us with 
our theme to-night, may well be applied, for the most 
part, the words of another poet : 

" Walk lightly and with reverent tread. 
For here we are among the mighty dead : 
In arts, in arms, in letters and in verse. 
In state and church their lofty deeds rehearse. 

They softened manners, purified the laws. 
Led armies to success in Freedom's holy cause ; 
Some sat on thrones and natipns bravely bore 
The waves of Revolution safely o'er. 

To them let monumental glories rise, 
And Fame's shrill clarion pierce the skies ; 
Let the loud bells and pealing cannon's roar 
Thunder their deeds the listenine nations o'er. 



But let us guard each prize for which they fought. 
And cherish every lesson that they taught ; 
And may the Angel of the nations pour 
The treasures they have left, from shore to shore, 
Through all the ages, till the world shall be no more. 



DELIVERED BEFORE THE 

New York Historical Societv 

AT THE CELEBRATION OF ITS 

SEVENTY-SECOND ANNIVERSARY, 
Tuesday, December 19, 1876. 

BY • 

FREDERIC DE PEYSTER, LL.D., 

PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY. 




NEW YORK: 
PUBJ.ISHEl) FOll 'i'HK SOCIKTY. 

Issued February 22, 1S77. 



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